What is a common consequence of excessive sodium intake?

Excessive sodium intake is widely recognized for its detrimental effects on cardiovascular health, particularly its association with an increased risk of heart disease. High sodium consumption can lead to elevated blood pressure, a major risk factor for heart disease. When the body retains excess sodium, it can cause an increase in blood volume, which places additional strain on the heart and blood vessels. Over time, this strain can result in damage to the arterial walls, increasing the likelihood of atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque in the arteries), heart attacks, and other cardiovascular problems.

The other options do not accurately reflect the consequences of excessive sodium intake. For example, improved kidney function and reduced risk of hypertension are not outcomes related to high sodium levels, as excessive sodium can lead to kidney strain and hypertension. Enhanced bone density is also not a consequence, as high sodium intake can actually lead to greater calcium loss, which may negatively impact bone health. Thus, the correct choice highlights a significant health risk associated with high sodium consumption.